SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

Micron Document

<!DOCTYPE html>

<title>Chess notation</title>

</head>

<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chess notation</span></span>

</h1>

</header>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the evaluation of chess moves, see <a href="Chess_annotation_symbols" title="Chess annotation symbols">Chess annotation symbols</a>.</div>

<p><b>Chess notation</b> systems are used to record either the moves made or the position of the pieces in a game of <a href="Chess" title="Chess">chess</a>. Chess notation is used in chess literature, and by players keeping a record of an ongoing game. The earliest systems of notation used lengthy narratives to describe each move; these gradually evolved into more compact notation systems. <a href="Algebraic_chess_notation" class="mw-redirect" title="Algebraic chess notation">Algebraic notation</a> is now the accepted international standard, with several variants. <a href="Descriptive_chess_notation" class="mw-redirect" title="Descriptive chess notation">Descriptive chess notation</a> was used in English- and Spanish-language literature until the late 20th century, but is now obsolescent. <a href="Portable_Game_Notation" title="Portable Game Notation">Portable Game Notation</a> (PGN) is a text file format based on English algebraic notation which can be processed by most chess software. Other notation systems include <a href="ICCF_numeric_notation" title="ICCF numeric notation">ICCF numeric notation</a>, used for international correspondence chess, and systems for transmission using <a href="Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse code</a> over <a href="Electrical_telegraph" title="Electrical telegraph">telegraph</a> or radio. The standard system for recording chess positions is <a href="Forsyth%E2%80%93Edwards_Notation" title="Forsyth–Edwards Notation">Forsyth–Edwards Notation</a> (FEN).

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notation_systems">Notation systems</h2></div>

<p>In organized competition, both players are required to keep a record of the moves played on a <dfn><a href="Glossary_of_chess#score_sheet" title="Glossary of chess"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of chess § score sheet" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">score sheet</span></a></dfn>. If required, score sheets may be used to resolve disputes, for example about whether an illegal move has been made or whether a <a href="Threefold_repetition" title="Threefold repetition">threefold repetition</a> has occurred. In addition, if the <a href="Time_control" title="Time control">time control</a> requires the players to complete a specified number of moves in a specified time, an accurate count of the moves must be kept.<sup id="cite_ref-GijssenArbitersNotebook_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GijssenArbitersNotebook-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All chess coaches strongly recommend the recording of one's games so that one can look for improvements in one's play.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><b><a href="Algebraic_notation_(chess)" title="Algebraic notation (chess)">Algebraic notation</a></b> is the most widely used method for recording moves. It is based on a system of coordinates (a–h for files, 1–8 for ranks) to uniquely identify each square. In embryonic form it was used by <a href="Philip_Stamma" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Stamma">Philip Stamma</a> in the 1737 book <i>Essai sur le jeu des echecs</i>. It was later adopted (in long form) by the influential <i><a href="Handbuch_des_Schachspiels" title="Handbuch des Schachspiels">Handbuch des Schachspiels</a></i> and became standard in German publications. It is more compact and less prone to error than the English descriptive system. Algebraic notation is the official notation of <a href="FIDE" title="FIDE">FIDE</a>; if a player records the game in a different notation system, their scoresheet may not be used as evidence in the event of a dispute.<sup id="cite_ref-FIDERulesAppendices_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FIDERulesAppendices-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="U.S._Chess_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Chess Federation">U.S. Chess Federation</a> prefers the use of algebraic notation but still permits descriptive notation.<sup id="cite_ref-USCF_Rulebook_ChangesAug2007_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USCF_Rulebook_ChangesAug2007-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While short algebraic notation is the most common, there are several variants, including:</li></ul>

<dl><dd><ul><li><i>Long algebraic notation</i> includes the starting <dfn><a href="Glossary_of_chess#file" title="Glossary of chess"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of chess § file" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">file</span></a></dfn> and <dfn><a href="Glossary_of_chess#rank" title="Glossary of chess"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of chess § rank" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">rank</span></a></dfn> of the <a href="Chess_piece" title="Chess piece">piece</a>.</li>

<li><i>Short algebraic notation</i> omits the starting <dfn><a href="Glossary_of_chess#file" title="Glossary of chess"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of chess § file" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">file</span></a></dfn> and <dfn><a href="Glossary_of_chess#rank" title="Glossary of chess"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of chess § rank" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">rank</span></a></dfn> of the <a href="Chess_piece" title="Chess piece">piece</a>, unless it is necessary to disambiguate the move.</li>

<li><i>Minimal algebraic notation</i> is similar to short algebraic notation but omits the indicators for capture ("x"), en passant capture ("e.p."), check ("+") and checkmate ("#"). It was used by <i><a href="Chess_Informant" title="Chess Informant">Chess Informant</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chess960_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chess960-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><i>Figurine algebraic notation</i> replaces the letter that stands for a piece by its <a href="Chess_symbols_in_Unicode" title="Chess symbols in Unicode">symbol</a>, e.g., <b>♞c6</b> instead of <b>Nc6</b> or <b>♖xg4</b> instead of <b>Rxg4</b>. Pawns are omitted as in standard algebraic notation. This style is widely used in chess literature to allow the moves to be read independent of language. To display or print these symbols on a computer, one or more <a href="Font" title="Font">fonts</a> with good <a href="Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> support must be installed, and the document (web page, word processor document, etc.) must use one of these fonts.<sup id="cite_ref-alanwoodTestForUnicodeSuportInBrowser_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alanwoodTestForUnicodeSuportInBrowser-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For more information see <a href="Chess_symbols_in_Unicode" title="Chess symbols in Unicode">Chess symbols in Unicode</a>.</li>

<li><i>Reversible algebraic notation</i> is based on long algebraic notation, but adds an additional letter for the piece that was captured, if any. The move can be reversed by moving the piece to its original square, and restoring the captured piece. For example, Rd2xBd6.<sup id="cite_ref-Chess960_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chess960-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><i>Concise reversible algebraic notation</i> is similar to reversible algebraic notation, but omits the file or rank if it is not needed to disambiguate the move. For example, Rd2xB6. This notation is recommended by Gene Milener in <i>Play Stronger Chess by Examining Chess 960: Usable Strategies for Fischer Random Chess Discovered</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chess960_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chess960-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><i>Figurine concise reversible algebraic notation</i> is a form of concise reversible algebraic notation with non-Staunton figurines, used by Gene Milener during <a href="Chess960" title="Chess960">Chess960</a> tournaments.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><i>Smith notation</i> or <i>Coordinate notation</i> specifies the source square (rather than the piece moving), destination square, and what piece was captured, if any.<sup id="cite_ref-ChessNotationSmith_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChessNotationSmith-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></dd></dl>

<ul><li><b><a href="Descriptive_notation" title="Descriptive notation">Descriptive notation</a></b> was the prevalent notation in English-speaking countries until the late 1970s. In this system, files are named after the piece that is initially on the back rank, and each square has two names depending on whether it is from White's or Black's point of view. This is still used by a dwindling number of mainly older players, and knowledge of descriptive notation is necessary to study older chess books. Similar systems were used in other languages, including Spanish and French.<sup id="cite_ref-McKimGreat_Chess_BooksAtSilman_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKimGreat_Chess_BooksAtSilman-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><b><a href="ICCF_numeric_notation" title="ICCF numeric notation">ICCF numeric notation</a></b>, also known as <b>Koch notation</b>. In international correspondence chess the use of algebraic notation may cause confusion, since different languages have different names for the pieces and some players may be unfamiliar with the Latin alphabet. The traditional standard for transmitting moves in this form of chess is ICCF numeric notation, in which files are represented by numbers rather than letters and the source and destination squares are indicated. For example the common opening move 1.e4 is represented as 1.5254.<sup id="cite_ref-ChessNotationICCFNumeric_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChessNotationICCFNumeric-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>With widespread availability of the internet, the majority of correspondence games are now played on servers, and the use of ICCF numeric notation is in decline.</li></ul>

<p>The following table lists examples of the same moves in some of the notations which may be used by humans. Each table cell contains White's move followed by Black's move, as they are listed in a single line of written notation.

</p>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers{counter-reset:rowNumber}.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers tr::before{content:"";display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em;padding-left:0.5em;text-align:right;vertical-align:inherit}.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.static-row-numbers-center tr::before{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.static-row-numbers-left tr::before{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tr::before{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)}.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers thead+tbody tr:first-child:not(.static-row-header):not(.static-row-numbers-norank)::before,.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers tbody tr:not(:first-child):not(.static-row-header):not(.static-row-numbers-norank)::before{counter-increment:rowNumber;content:counter(rowNumber)}.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sortable[data-srn-limit="10"] tbody tr:nth-child(n/**/+11)::before{content:""}.mw-parser-output .static-row-header-text.static-row-numbers thead tr:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .static-row-header-text.static-row-numbers caption+tbody tr:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .static-row-header-text.static-row-numbers tbody:first-child tr:first-child::before{content:"No.";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .static-row-header-hash.static-row-numbers thead tr:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .static-row-header-hash.static-row-numbers caption+tbody tr:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .static-row-header-hash.static-row-numbers tbody:first-child tr:first-child::before{content:"#";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tr::before{border:0 solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable thead+tbody tr:first-child:not(.static-row-header)::before,.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tbody tr:not(:first-child):not(.static-row-header)::before{border-width:1px}body.skin-monobook .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tr::before{border-color:#aaa}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.wikitable tr::before{border-color:#c8ccd1}.mw-parser-output table[border].static-row-numbers:not(.wikitable) tr::before{border:0 inset var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-parser-output table[border].static-row-numbers:not(.wikitable) thead+tbody tr:first-child:not(.static-row-header)::before,.mw-parser-output table[border].static-row-numbers:not(.wikitable) tbody tr:not(:first-child):not(.static-row-header)::before{border-width:1px}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table[border].static-row-numbers:not(.wikitable),html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table[border].static-row-numbers:not(.wikitable) tr::before,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table[border].static-row-numbers:not(.wikitable) th,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table[border].static-row-numbers:not(.wikitable) td{border-color:gray}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table[border].static-row-numbers:not(.wikitable),html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table[border].static-row-numbers:not(.wikitable) tr::before,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table[border].static-row-numbers:not(.wikitable) th,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table[border].static-row-numbers:not(.wikitable) td{border-color:gray}}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.mw-datatable:not(.wikitable) tr::before{border:0 solid #c8ccd1}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.mw-datatable:not(.wikitable) thead+tbody tr:first-child:not(.static-row-header)::before,body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.mw-datatable:not(.wikitable) tbody tr:not(:first-child):not(.static-row-header)::before{border-width:1px}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

<caption>Chess notation examples

</caption>

<th>Algebraic</th>

<th>Figurine algebraic</th>

<th>Long algebraic</th>

<th>Reversible algebraic</th>

<th>Concise reversible</th>

<th>Smith</th>

<th>Descriptive</th>

<th>Coordinate</th>

<th>ICCF

</th></tr>

<td>5254 5755

</td></tr>

<td>7163 2836

</td></tr>

<td>6125 1716

</td></tr>

<td>2536 4736

</td></tr>

<td>4243 6824

</td></tr>

<td>2133 7866

</td></tr>

<td>5171 2433

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>In all forms of notation, the result is usually indicated at the conclusion of the game by either "1–0", indicating that White won, "0–1" indicating that Black won or "½–½", indicating a draw. Moves that result in checkmate can be marked with "#", "++", "≠", or "‡" or to indicate the end of game and the winner, instead of or in addition to "1–0" or "0–1".

</p><p>Annotators commenting on a game frequently use question marks ("?") and exclamation marks ("!") to label a move as bad or praise the move as a good one (see <a href="Chess_annotation_symbols" title="Chess annotation symbols">Chess annotation symbols</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-ExeterCCCommentCodes_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ExeterCCCommentCodes-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notation_systems_for_computers">Notation systems for computers</h3></div>

<p>The following are commonly used for chess-related computer systems (in addition to Coordinate and Smith notation, which are described above):

</p>

<ul><li><b><a href="Portable_Game_Notation" title="Portable Game Notation">Portable Game Notation</a></b> (PGN). This is a text-based file format in which chess moves are recorded with standard English algebraic notation with a small amount of markup to record the players and circumstances of the game. Most chess software is configured to process PGN files.<sup id="cite_ref-InternetChessClubPGNSpec_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InternetChessClubPGNSpec-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><b>Steno-Chess</b>. This is another format suitable for computer processing. It sacrifices the ability to play through games (by a human) for conciseness, which minimises the number of characters required to store a game.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><b><a href="Forsyth%E2%80%93Edwards_Notation" title="Forsyth–Edwards Notation">Forsyth–Edwards Notation</a></b> (FEN). A single line format which gives the current positions of pieces on a board, to enable generation of a board in something other than the initial array of pieces. It also contains other information such as castling rights, move number, and color on move. It is incorporated into the PGN standard as a Tag Pair in conjunction with the SetUp tag.</li>

<li><b><a href="Extended_Position_Description" title="Extended Position Description">Extended Position Description</a></b> (EPD). Another format which gives the current positions of a board, with an extended set of structured attribute values using the ASCII character set. It is intended for data and command interchange among chess playing programs. It is also intended for the representation of portable opening library repositories.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is better than FEN for certain <a href="Chess_variant" title="Chess variant">chess variants</a>, such as <a href="Chess960" title="Chess960">Chess960</a>.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notation_for_telegraph_and_radio">Notation for telegraph and radio</h3></div>

<p>Some special methods of notation were used for transmitting moves by telegraph or radio, usually using <a href="Morse_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Morse Code">Morse Code</a>. The Uedemann code and Gringmuth notation worked by using a two-letter label for each square and transmitting four letters – two letters for the origin square followed by two letters for the destination square. Castling is shown as a king move. Squares are designated from White's side of the board, files from left to right and ranks from nearest to farthest. The Rutherford code first converted the move into a number and then converted the move number into a composite Latin word. It could also transmit moves of two games at the same time.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Uedemann_code">Uedemann code</h4></div>

<p>This code was devised by <a href="Louis_Uedemann" title="Louis Uedemann">Louis Uedemann</a> (1854–1912). The method was never actually used, mainly because a transposition of letters can result in a valid but incorrect move. Many sources incorrectly use this name for the Gringmuth code.

</p><p>The files are labeled "A", "E", "I", "O", "O", "I", "E", and "A". The ranks are labeled "B", "D", "F", "G", "H", "K", "L", and "P". A square on the <dfn><a href="Glossary_of_chess#queenside" title="Glossary of chess"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of chess § queenside" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">queenside</span></a></dfn> is designated by its file letter and then its rank letter. A square on the <dfn><a href="Glossary_of_chess#kingside" title="Glossary of chess"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of chess § kingside" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">kingside</span></a></dfn> is designated by its rank letter then its file letter.<sup id="cite_ref-Hooper_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hooper-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gringmuth_notation">Gringmuth notation</h4></div>

<p>This method was invented by Dmitry Alexeyevich Gringmuth but it is sometimes incorrectly called the Uedemann Code. It was used as early as 1866. Files were designated with one of two letters, depending on whether it was on White's side or Black's side. These letters were: files 'B', 'C', 'D', 'F', 'G', 'H', 'K', and 'L' for White-side ranks 'A', 'E', 'I', 'O', corresponding to algebraic files 'a', 'b', ... 'h', and ranks 1, 2, 3, 4; the aligned Black-side ranks were 'M', 'N', 'P', 'R', 'S', 'T', 'W', and 'Z', corresponding to algebraic 'a' ... 'h', used for Gringmuth ranks 'O', 'I', 'E', and 'A' corresponding to algebraic ranks 5, 6, 7, 8. Hence square 'a1' in algebraic notation is Gringmuth 'BA', and its diagonal opposite 'h8' is Gringmuth 'ZA'. A king's pawn opening 'e2e4' in algebraic would be 'GEGO' in Gringmuth, with a mirrored response by black 'e7e5' notated as 'SESO'.<sup id="cite_ref-Hooper_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hooper-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rutherford_code">Rutherford code</h4></div>

<p>This code was invented in 1880 by Sir <a href="William_Watson_Rutherford" class="mw-redirect" title="William Watson Rutherford">William Watson Rutherford</a> (1853–1927). At the time, the British Post Office did not allow digits or <a href="Cipher" title="Cipher">ciphers</a> in telegrams, but they did allow Latin words. This method also allowed moves for two games to be transmitted at the same time. In this method, the legal moves in the position were counted using a system until the move being made was reached. This was done for both games. The move number of the first game was multiplied by 60 and added to the move number of the second game. Leading zeros were added as necessary to give a four-digit number. The first two digits would be 00 through 39, which corresponded to a table of 40 Latin roots. The third digit corresponded to a list of 10 Latin prefixes and the last digit corresponded to a list of 10 Latin suffixes. The resulting word was transmitted.

</p><p>After rules were changed so that ciphers were allowed in telegrams, this system was replaced by the Gringmuth Notation.<sup id="cite_ref-Hooper_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hooper-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recording_positions">Recording positions</h2></div>

<p>Positions are usually shown as diagrams (images), using the symbols shown here for the pieces.

</p><p>There is also a notation for recording positions in text format, called the <a href="Forsyth%E2%80%93Edwards_Notation" title="Forsyth–Edwards Notation">Forsyth–Edwards notation</a> (FEN). This is useful for adjourning a game to resume later or for conveying chess problem positions without a diagram. A position can also be recorded by listing the pieces and the squares they reside on, for example: White: Ke1, Rd3, etc.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Endgame_classification">Endgame classification</h2></div>

<p>There are also systems for classifying types of endgames. See <a href="Chess_endgame#Endgame_classification" title="Chess endgame">Chess endgame § Endgame classification</a> for more details.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>The notation for chess moves evolved slowly, as these examples show. The last is in <a href="Algebraic_chess_notation" class="mw-redirect" title="Algebraic chess notation">algebraic chess notation</a>; the others show the evolution of <a href="Descriptive_chess_notation" class="mw-redirect" title="Descriptive chess notation">descriptive chess notation</a> and use spelling and notation of the period.

</p>

<dl><dd><em>1614:</em> <span style="padding-left:2;"> </span>The white king commands his owne knight into the third house before his owne bishop.</dd></dl>

<dl><dd><em>1750:</em> <span style="padding-left:2;"> </span>K. knight to His Bishop's 3d.</dd></dl>

<dl><dd><em>1837:</em> <span style="padding-left:2;"> </span>K.Kt. to B.third sq.</dd></dl>

<dl><dd><em>Modern:</em> <span style="padding-left:2;"> </span>Nf3<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl>

<p>A text from <a href="Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>'s time uses complete sentences to describe moves, for example, "Then the black king for his second draught brings forth his queene, and placest her in the third house, in front of his bishop's pawne", which nowadays would be written simply as 2...Qf6.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The great 18th-century player <a href="Fran%C3%A7ois-Andr%C3%A9_Danican_Philidor" title="François-André Danican Philidor">Philidor</a> used an almost equally verbose approach in his influential book <i>Analyse du jeu des Échecs</i>, for example, "The king's bishop, at his queen bishop's fourth square."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Algebraic_chess_notation" class="mw-redirect" title="Algebraic chess notation">Algebraic chess notation</a> was first used by <a href="Philipp_Stamma" title="Philipp Stamma">Philipp Stamma</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1705–1755</span>) in an almost fully developed form, before the now-obsolete <a href="Descriptive_chess_notation" class="mw-redirect" title="Descriptive chess notation">descriptive chess notation</a> evolved. The main difference between Stamma's system and the modern system is that Stamma used "p" for pawn moves and the original <dfn><a href="Glossary_of_chess#file" title="Glossary of chess"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of chess § file" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">file</span></a></dfn> of the piece ("a" through "h") instead of the initial letter of the piece.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

In London in 1747, Philidor convincingly defeated Stamma in a match. Consequently, his writings (which were translated into English) became more influential than Stamma's in the English-speaking chess world; this may have led to the adoption of a descriptive system for writing chess moves, rather than Stamma's coordinate-based approach. However, algebraic notation became popular in Europe following its adoption by the highly influential <i><a href="Handbuch_des_Schachspiels" title="Handbuch des Schachspiels">Handbuch des Schachspiels</a></i>, and became dominant in Europe during the 20th century. It did not become popular in the English-speaking countries, however, until the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-McCraryHistoryOfNotation_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCraryHistoryOfNotation-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .infobox .side-box{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="side-box side-box-right sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style>

<div class="side-box-text plainlist">The Wikibook <i><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Chess" class="extiw external" title="wikibooks:Chess">Chess</a></i> has a page on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Chess/Notating_The_Game" class="extiw external" title="wikibooks:Chess/Notating The Game">Notating The Game</a></b></i></div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a href="Algebraic_notation_(chess)" title="Algebraic notation (chess)">Algebraic notation (chess)</a></li>

<li><a href="Chess_opening_theory_table" title="Chess opening theory table">Chess opening theory table</a></li>

<li><a href="Chess_symbols_in_Unicode" title="Chess symbols in Unicode">Chess symbols in Unicode</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("./mw/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("./mw/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("./mw/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("./mw/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><cite id="CITEREFGijssen,_G." class="citation web cs1">Gijssen, G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesscafe.com/text/geurt05.txt">"An Arbiter's Notebook"</a>. ChessCafé.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071105235338/http://www.chesscafe.com/text/geurt05.txt">Archived</a> from the original on 2007-11-05.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chesswarehouse.com/blogs/news/chess-notation-how-to-read-write">"How to Read and Write Chess Notation"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170413155001/https://chesswarehouse.com/blogs/news/chess-notation-how-to-read-write">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-04-13.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071024135030/http://www.chesshouse.com/howto/How-to-Read-and-Write-Chess-Notation.asp">"How to Read and Write Algebraic Chess Notation"</a>. The Chess House. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chesshouse.com/howto/How-to-Read-and-Write-Chess-Notation.asp">the original</a> on 2007-10-24.</cite> Includes sample hand-written score sheet.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FIDERulesAppendices-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FIDERulesAppendices_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fide.com/component/handbook/?view=article&id=125">"FIDE Handbook: Rules – Appendices"</a>. <a href="F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_des_%C3%89checs" class="mw-redirect" title="Fédération Internationale des Échecs">Fédération Internationale des Échecs</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131003050537/http://www.fide.com/component/handbook/?id=125&view=article">Archived</a> from the original on October 3, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 29,</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://handbook.fide.com/chapter/E012018">"FIDE Handbook E. Miscellaneous / 01. Laws of Chess / FIDE Laws of Chess taking effect from 1 January 2018 /"</a>. <a href="F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_des_%C3%89checs" class="mw-redirect" title="Fédération Internationale des Échecs">Fédération Internationale des Échecs</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Eric_Schiller" title="Eric Schiller">Schiller, Eric</a>, <i>The Official Rules of Chess</i>, 2003, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-58042-092-1</bdi>, p. 25</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-USCF_Rulebook_ChangesAug2007-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USCF_Rulebook_ChangesAug2007_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://main.uschess.org/content/view/7594/28/">"Rulebook Changes (as of August 2007)"</a>. The United States Chess Federation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150610222821/http://main.uschess.org/content/view/7594/28/">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-06-10.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Chess960-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chess960_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chess960_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chess960_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFJeffreys,_Michael" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">Jeffreys, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060622105629/http://chessville.com/reviews/PlayStrongerChessExaminingChess960.htm">"Not Your Father's Chess"</a>. Archived from the original on 22 June 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-alanwoodTestForUnicodeSuportInBrowser-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-alanwoodTestForUnicodeSuportInBrowser_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alanwood.net/unicode/miscellaneous_symbols.html">"Test for Unicode support in Web browsers"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080103134038/http://www.alanwood.net/unicode/miscellaneous_symbols.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-01-03.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMilener2005" class="citation web cs1">Milener, Gene (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181001134936/http://www.castlelong.com/essay/Essay_HSym_fd47b_Doc_Prn.PDF">"Rotatable Icons, and Chess Diagrams for the Blind"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.castlelong.com/essay/Essay_HSym_fd47b_Doc_Prn.PDF">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 October 2018.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ChessNotationSmith-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ChessNotationSmith_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160117212352/https://www.chessclub.com/chessviewer/smith.html">"Chess Viewer - Smith Notation"</a>. ChessClub.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chessclub.com/chessviewer/smith.html">the original</a> on 2016-01-17.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-McKimGreat_Chess_BooksAtSilman-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McKimGreat_Chess_BooksAtSilman_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMcKim,_D.K." class="citation web cs1">McKim, D.K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jeremysilman.com/chess_gst_wrtrs/041004_great_chess_books.html">"Great Chess Books"</a>. Jeremy Silman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071219005645/http://www.jeremysilman.com/chess_gst_wrtrs/041004_great_chess_books.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2007-12-19.</cite> Published by an International Master and prolific writer.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ChessNotationICCFNumeric-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ChessNotationICCFNumeric_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chessnotation.com/ICCFnumeric.htm">"ICCF Numeric Chess Notation"</a>. ChessNotation.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20170105003412/http://chessnotation.com/ICCFnumeric.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-01-05.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ExeterCCCommentCodes-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ExeterCCCommentCodes_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071223161823/http://www.exeterchessclub.org.uk/descript.html">"Algebraic and descriptive notations"</a>. Exeter Chess Club. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.exeterchessclub.org.uk/descript.html">the original</a> on 2007-12-23.</cite> See section "Symbols: evaluation and comment codes"</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-InternetChessClubPGNSpec-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-InternetChessClubPGNSpec_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMembers_of_the_Internet_newsgroup_rec.games.chess" class="citation web cs1">Members of the Internet newsgroup rec.games.chess. Edwards, S.J. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessclub.com/help/PGN-spec">"ICC Help: PGN spec"</a>. The Internet Chess Club. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040807112541/http://www.chessclub.com/help/PGN-spec">Archived</a> from the original on 2004-08-07.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFAngelini" class="citation web cs1">Angelini, Éric. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessvariants.com/problems.dir/steno-chess.html">"Steno-Chess"</a>. <i>www.chessvariants.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180110114830/http://www.chessvariants.com/problems.dir/steno-chess.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thechessdrum.net/PGN_Reference.txt">"Archived copy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070822185456/http://www.thechessdrum.net/PGN_Reference.txt">Archived</a> from the original on 2007-08-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-06-25</span></span>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite web}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)</span></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Hooper-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hooper_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hooper_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hooper_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="David_Vincent_Hooper" title="David Vincent Hooper">David Hooper</a> and <a href="Kenneth_Whyld" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenneth Whyld">Kenneth Whyld</a>, 1992, <i><a href="The_Oxford_Companion_to_Chess" title="The Oxford Companion to Chess">The Oxford Companion to Chess</a></i>, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-19-280049-3</bdi></span>

</li>

<cite id="CITEREFMcCrary" class="citation book cs1">McCrary, Robert John (ed.). <i>The Hall-of-Fame History of U.S. Chess</i>. Vol. 1. pp. <span class="nowrap">14–</span>15.</cite></span>

</li>

<cite id="CITEREFSaul1614" class="citation book cs1">Saul, Arthur (1614). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A11524.0001.001?rgn=main;view=fulltext"><i>The famous game of Chesse-play, Truely discouered, and all doubts resolued</i></a>. London, UK: A.S. Gent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180504185509/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A11524.0001.001?rgn=main;view=fulltext">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-05-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-06-29</span></span> – via <a href="University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>. <q>So that by reading this small Booke thou shalt profit more then[sic] by the playing a thousand Mates. An Exercise full of delight; fit for Princes, or any person of what qualitie soeuer.</q></cite></span>

</li>

<cite id="CITEREFPhilidor2005" class="citation book cs1">Philidor, François-André Danican (2005) [1777]. <i>Analyse du jeu des Échecs</i> [<i>Analysis of the Game of Chess</i>] (reprint, translated ed.). Hardinge Simpole. p. 2.</cite></span>

</li>

<cite id="CITEREFDavidson1981" class="citation book cs1">Davidson, Henry (1981) [1949]. <i>A Short History of Chess</i>. McKay. pp. <span class="nowrap">152–</span>53. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-679-14550-8</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<cite id="CITEREFMcCrary" class="citation web cs1">McCrary, R.J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080704054703/http://www.chessmuseum.org/history_article11.htm">"The History of Chess Notation"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chessmuseum.org/history_article11.htm">the original</a> on 2008-07-04.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/notation.html">"Chess Notation" by Edward Winter</a></li></ul>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chess445" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}

/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

</style><div id="Chess445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Chess" title="Chess">Chess</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Outline_of_chess" title="Outline of chess">Outline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chess_theory" title="Chess theory">Chess theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Chess_title" title="Chess title">Chess titles</a>

<ul><li><a href="Grandmaster_(chess)" title="Grandmaster (chess)">Grandmaster</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Computer_chess" title="Computer chess">Computer chess</a>

<ul><li><a href="Glossary_of_computer_chess_terms" title="Glossary of computer chess terms">glossary</a></li>

<li><a href="Human%E2%80%93computer_chess_matches" title="Human–computer chess matches">matches</a></li>

<li><a href="Chess_engine" title="Chess engine">engines</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_chess_software" title="List of chess software">software</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Correspondence_chess" title="Correspondence chess">Correspondence chess</a></li>

<li><a href="Glossary_of_chess" title="Glossary of chess">Glossary</a></li>

<li><a href="Online_chess" title="Online chess">Online chess</a>

<ul><li><a href="Premove" title="Premove">Premove</a></li>

<li><a href="Internet_chess_server" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet chess server">Internet chess server</a>

<li><a href="Chess_rating_system" title="Chess rating system">Rating system</a>

<ul><li><a href="FIDE_world_rankings" class="mw-redirect" title="FIDE world rankings">world rankings</a></li>

<li><a href="Norm_(chess)" title="Norm (chess)">norms</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Chess_variant" title="Chess variant">Variants</a>

<li><a href="List_of_world_records_in_chess" title="List of world records in chess">World records</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Chess_equipment" title="Chess equipment">Equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chess_set" title="Chess set">Chess set</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chessboard" title="Chessboard">chessboard</a></li>

<li><a href="Dubrovnik_chess_set" title="Dubrovnik chess set">Dubrovnik chess set</a></li>

<li><a href="Staunton_chess_set" title="Staunton chess set">Staunton chess set</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Chess_piece" title="Chess piece">Chess pieces</a>

<li><a href="Queen_(chess)" title="Queen (chess)">Queen</a></li>

<li><a href="Bishop_(chess)" title="Bishop (chess)">Bishop</a></li>

<li><a href="Knight_(chess)" title="Knight (chess)">Knight</a></li>

<li><a href="Fairy_chess_piece" title="Fairy chess piece">Fairy</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Chess_clock" title="Chess clock">Chess clock</a></li>

<li><a href="Chess_table" title="Chess table">Chess table</a></li>

<li><dfn><a href="Glossary_of_chess#score_sheets" title="Glossary of chess"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of chess § Score sheets" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">Score sheets</span></a></dfn></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="History_of_chess" title="History of chess">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_chess" title="Timeline of chess">Timeline</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="Versus_de_scachis" title="Versus de scachis">Versus de scachis</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="G%C3%B6ttingen_manuscript" title="Göttingen manuscript">Göttingen manuscript</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Charlemagne_chessmen" title="Charlemagne chessmen">Charlemagne chessmen</a></li>

<li><a href="Lewis_chessmen" title="Lewis chessmen">Lewis chessmen</a></li>

<li><a href="Romantic_chess" title="Romantic chess">Romantic chess</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypermodernism_(chess)" title="Hypermodernism (chess)">Hypermodernism</a></li>

<li><a href="Soviet_chess_school" title="Soviet chess school">Soviet chess school</a></li>

<li><a href="Comparison_of_top_chess_players_throughout_history" title="Comparison of top chess players throughout history">Top player comparison</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Geography_of_chess" title="Geography of chess">Geography of chess</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chess_in_Africa" title="Chess in Africa">Africa</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chess_in_South_Africa" title="Chess in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Chess_in_China" title="Chess in China">China</a></li>

<li><a href="Chess_in_Europe" title="Chess in Europe">Europe</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chess_in_Armenia" title="Chess in Armenia">Armenia</a></li>

<li><a href="Chess_in_Spain" title="Chess in Spain">Spain</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Chess_in_India" title="Chess in India">India</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_chess_games" title="List of chess games">Notable games</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_chess_players" title="List of chess players">List of chess players</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_amateur_chess_players" title="List of amateur chess players">amateurs</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_female_chess_players" title="List of female chess players">female</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_chess_grandmasters" title="List of chess grandmasters">grandmasters</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Women_in_chess" title="Women in chess">Women in chess</a></li>

<li><a href="Transgender_people_in_chess" title="Transgender people in chess">Transgender people in chess</a></li>

<li>Chess museums

<ul><li><a href="Bobby_Fischer_Center" title="Bobby Fischer Center">Bobby Fischer Center</a></li>

<li><a href="G%C3%B6kyay_Association_Chess_Museum" title="Gökyay Association Chess Museum">Gökyay Association Chess Museum</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Chess_Hall_of_Fame" title="World Chess Hall of Fame">World Chess Hall of Fame</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Rules_of_chess" title="Rules of chess">Rules</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Castling" title="Castling">Castling</a></li>

<li><a href="Cheating_in_chess" title="Cheating in chess">Cheating in chess</a></li>

<li><a href="Check_(chess)" title="Check (chess)">Check</a></li>

<li><a href="Checkmate" title="Checkmate">Checkmate</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Draw_by_agreement" title="Draw by agreement">by agreement</a></li>

<li><a href="Fifty-move_rule" title="Fifty-move rule">Fifty-move rule</a></li>

<li><a href="Perpetual_check" title="Perpetual check">Perpetual check</a></li>

<li><a href="Stalemate" title="Stalemate">Stalemate</a></li>

<li><a href="Threefold_repetition" title="Threefold repetition">Threefold repetition</a></li></ul></li>

<li><i><a href="En_passant" title="En passant">En passant</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Promotion_(chess)" title="Promotion (chess)">Pawn promotion</a></li>

<li><a href="Time_control" title="Time control">Time control</a>

<ul><li><a href="Fast_chess" title="Fast chess">Fast chess</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Touch-move_rule" title="Touch-move rule">Touch-move rule</a></li>

<li><a href="White_and_Black_in_chess" title="White and Black in chess">White and Black</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Glossary_of_chess" title="Glossary of chess">Terms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Blunder_(chess)" title="Blunder (chess)">Blunder</a></li>

<li>

<ul><li><a href="Algebraic_notation_(chess)" title="Algebraic notation (chess)">algebraic</a></li>

<li><a href="Descriptive_notation" title="Descriptive notation">descriptive</a></li>

<li><a href="Chess_annotation_symbols" title="Chess annotation symbols">annotation symbols</a></li>

<li><a href="Chess_symbols_in_Unicode" title="Chess symbols in Unicode">symbols in Unicode</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Fianchetto" title="Fianchetto">Fianchetto</a></li>

<li><a href="Gambit" title="Gambit">Gambit</a></li>

<li><a href="Key_square" title="Key square">Key square</a></li>

<li><a href="Outpost_(chess)" title="Outpost (chess)">Outpost</a></li>

<li><a href="Pawn_(chess)" title="Pawn (chess)">Pawns</a>

<ul><li><a href="Backward_pawn" title="Backward pawn">backward</a></li>

<li><a href="Connected_pawns" title="Connected pawns">connected</a></li>

<li><a href="Doubled_pawns" title="Doubled pawns">doubled</a></li>

<li><a href="Isolated_pawn" title="Isolated pawn">isolated</a></li>

<li><a href="Passed_pawn" title="Passed pawn">passed</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Swindle_(chess)" title="Swindle (chess)">Swindle</a></li>

<li><a href="Tempo_(chess)" title="Tempo (chess)">Tempo</a></li>

<li><a href="Transposition_(chess)" title="Transposition (chess)">Transposition</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Chess_tactic" title="Chess tactic">Tactics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Castling#Artificial_castling" title="Castling">Artificial castling</a></li>

<li><a href="Battery_(chess)" title="Battery (chess)">Battery</a>

<ul><li><a href="Alekhine's_gun" title="Alekhine's gun">Alekhine's gun</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Block_(chess)" title="Block (chess)">Block</a></li>

<li><a href="Checkmate_pattern" title="Checkmate pattern">Checkmate patterns</a></li>

<li><a href="Combination_(chess)" title="Combination (chess)">Combination</a></li>

<li><a href="Decoy_(chess)" title="Decoy (chess)">Decoy</a></li>

<li><a href="Deflection_(chess)" title="Deflection (chess)">Deflection</a></li>

<li><a href="Desperado_(chess)" title="Desperado (chess)">Desperado</a></li>

<li><a href="Discovered_attack" title="Discovered attack">Discovered attack</a></li>

<li><a href="Double_check" title="Double check">Double check</a></li>

<li><a href="Interference_(chess)" title="Interference (chess)">Interference</a></li>

<li><a href="Overloading_(chess)" title="Overloading (chess)">Overloading</a></li>

<li><a href="Pawn_storm" title="Pawn storm">Pawn storm</a></li>

<li><a href="Sacrifice_(chess)" title="Sacrifice (chess)">Sacrifice</a>

<ul><li><a href="Queen_sacrifice" title="Queen sacrifice">Queen sacrifice</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Skewer_(chess)" title="Skewer (chess)">Skewer</a></li>

<li><a href="Undermining_(chess)" title="Undermining (chess)">Undermining</a></li>

<li><a href="Windmill_(chess)" title="Windmill (chess)">Windmill</a></li>

<li><a href="Zwischenzug" title="Zwischenzug">Zwischenzug</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Chess_strategy" title="Chess strategy">Strategy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Compensation_(chess)" title="Compensation (chess)">Compensation</a></li>

<li><a href="Exchange_(chess)" title="Exchange (chess)">Exchange</a>

<ul><li><a href="The_exchange_(chess)" title="The exchange (chess)">the exchange</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Initiative_(chess)" title="Initiative (chess)">Initiative</a>

<ul><li><a href="First-move_advantage_in_chess" title="First-move advantage in chess">first-move advantage</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Chess_middlegame" title="Chess middlegame">Middlegame</a></li>

<li><a href="Pawn_structure" title="Pawn structure">Pawn structure</a>

<ul><li><a href="Hedgehog_(chess)" title="Hedgehog (chess)">Hedgehog</a></li>

<li><a href="Isolated_pawn" title="Isolated pawn">Isolated Queen's Pawn</a></li>

<li><a href="Mar%C3%B3czy_Bind" title="Maróczy Bind">Maróczy Bind</a></li>

<li><a href="Minority_attack" title="Minority attack">Minority attack</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Chess_piece_relative_value" title="Chess piece relative value">Piece values</a></li>

<li><a href="Prophylaxis_(chess)" title="Prophylaxis (chess)">Prophylaxis</a></li>

<li><a href="School_of_chess" title="School of chess">School of chess</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Chess_opening" title="Chess opening">Openings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Flank_opening" title="Flank opening">Flank opening</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="King's_Fianchetto_Opening" title="King's Fianchetto Opening">Benko Opening</a></li>

<li><a href="Bird's_Opening" title="Bird's Opening">Bird's Opening</a></li>

<li><a href="Dunst_Opening" title="Dunst Opening">Dunst Opening</a></li>

<li><a href="English_Opening" title="English Opening">English Opening</a></li>

<li><a href="Grob's_Attack" title="Grob's Attack">Grob's Attack</a></li>

<li><a href="Larsen's_Opening" class="mw-redirect" title="Larsen's Opening">Larsen's Opening</a></li>

<li><a href="Zukertort_Opening" title="Zukertort Opening">Zukertort Opening</a>

<ul><li><a href="King's_Indian_Attack" title="King's Indian Attack">King's Indian Attack</a></li>

<li><a href="R%C3%A9ti_Opening" title="Réti Opening">Réti Opening</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="King's_Pawn_Game" title="King's Pawn Game">King's Pawn Game</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alekhine's_Defence" title="Alekhine's Defence">Alekhine's Defence</a></li>

<li><a href="Caro%E2%80%93Kann_Defence" title="Caro–Kann Defence">Caro–Kann Defence</a></li>

<li><a href="French_Defence" title="French Defence">French Defence</a></li>

<li><a href="Modern_Defense" title="Modern Defense">Modern Defence</a></li>

<li><a href="Nimzowitsch_Defence" title="Nimzowitsch Defence">Nimzowitsch Defence</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Four_Knights_Game" title="Four Knights Game">Four Knights Game</a></li>

<li><a href="Giuoco_Piano" title="Giuoco Piano">Giuoco Piano</a></li>

<li><a href="Italian_Game" title="Italian Game">Italian Game</a></li>

<li><a href="King's_Gambit" title="King's Gambit">King's Gambit</a></li>

<li><a href="Petrov's_Defence" title="Petrov's Defence">Petrov's Defence</a></li>

<li><a href="Philidor_Defence" title="Philidor Defence">Philidor Defence</a></li>

<li><a href="Ponziani_Opening" title="Ponziani Opening">Ponziani Opening</a></li>

<li><a href="Ruy_Lopez" title="Ruy Lopez">Ruy Lopez</a></li>

<li><a href="Semi-Italian_Opening" title="Semi-Italian Opening">Semi-Italian Opening</a></li>

<li><a href="Scotch_Game" title="Scotch Game">Scotch Game</a></li>

<li><a href="Two_Knights_Defense" title="Two Knights Defense">Two Knights Defense</a></li>

<li><a href="Vienna_Game" title="Vienna Game">Vienna Game</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Owen's_Defence" title="Owen's Defence">Owen's Defence</a></li>

<li><a href="Pirc_Defence" title="Pirc Defence">Pirc Defence</a>

<ul><li><a href="Pirc_Defence%2C_Austrian_Attack" title="Pirc Defence, Austrian Attack">Austrian Attack</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Scandinavian_Defense" title="Scandinavian Defense">Scandinavian Defense</a></li>

<li><a href="Sicilian_Defence" title="Sicilian Defence">Sicilian Defence</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sicilian_Defence%2C_Alapin_Variation" title="Sicilian Defence, Alapin Variation">Alapin</a></li>

<li><a href="Sicilian_Defence%2C_Dragon_Variation" title="Sicilian Defence, Dragon Variation">Dragon</a>/<a href="Sicilian_Defence%2C_Accelerated_Dragon" title="Sicilian Defence, Accelerated Dragon">Accelerated Dragon</a></li>

<li><a href="Sicilian_Defence%2C_Najdorf_Variation" title="Sicilian Defence, Najdorf Variation">Najdorf</a></li>

<li><a href="Sicilian_Defence%2C_Scheveningen_Variation" title="Sicilian Defence, Scheveningen Variation">Scheveningen</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Queen's_Pawn_Game" title="Queen's Pawn Game">Queen's Pawn Game</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Budapest_Gambit" title="Budapest Gambit">Budapest Gambit</a></li>

<li><a href="Colle_System" title="Colle System">Colle System</a></li>

<li><a href="Dutch_Defence" title="Dutch Defence">Dutch Defence</a></li>

<li><a href="English_Defence" title="English Defence">English Defence</a></li>

<li><a href="Indian_Defence" title="Indian Defence">Indian Defence</a>

<ul><li><a href="Benoni_Defense" title="Benoni Defense">Benoni Defence</a></li>

<li><a href="Modern_Benoni" title="Modern Benoni">Modern Benoni</a></li>

<li><a href="Bogo-Indian_Defence" title="Bogo-Indian Defence">Bogo-Indian Defence</a></li>

<li><a href="Catalan_Opening" title="Catalan Opening">Catalan Opening</a></li>

<li><a href="Gr%C3%BCnfeld_Defence" title="Grünfeld Defence">Grünfeld Defence</a></li>

<li><a href="King's_Indian_Defence" title="King's Indian Defence">King's Indian Defence</a></li>

<li><a href="Nimzo-Indian_Defence" title="Nimzo-Indian Defence">Nimzo-Indian Defence</a></li>

<li><a href="Old_Indian_Defense" title="Old Indian Defense">Old Indian Defense</a></li>

<li><a href="Queen's_Indian_Defense" title="Queen's Indian Defense">Queen's Indian Defence</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="London_System" title="London System">London System</a></li>

<li><a href="Richter%E2%80%93Veresov_Attack" title="Richter–Veresov Attack">Richter–Veresov Attack</a></li>

<li><a href="Queen's_Gambit" title="Queen's Gambit">Queen's Gambit</a>

<ul><li><a href="Queen's_Gambit_Accepted" title="Queen's Gambit Accepted">Accepted</a></li>

<li><a href="Queen's_Gambit_Declined" title="Queen's Gambit Declined">Declined</a></li>

<li><a href="Slav_Defense" title="Slav Defense">Slav Defence</a></li>

<li><a href="Semi-Slav_Defense" title="Semi-Slav Defense">Semi-Slav Defence</a></li>

<li><a href="Chigorin_Defense" title="Chigorin Defense">Chigorin Defense</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Torre_Attack" title="Torre Attack">Torre Attack</a></li>

<li><a href="Trompowsky_Attack" title="Trompowsky Attack">Trompowsky Attack</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_chess_openings" title="List of chess openings">List of openings</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chess_opening_theory_table" title="Chess opening theory table">theory table</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_chess_gambits" title="List of chess gambits">List of chess gambits</a></li>

<li><a href="Irregular_chess_opening" title="Irregular chess opening">Irregular</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bongcloud_Attack" title="Bongcloud Attack">Bongcloud Attack</a></li>

<li><a href="Scholar's_mate" title="Scholar's mate">Scholar's mate</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Chess_endgame" title="Chess endgame">Endgames</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bishop_and_knight_checkmate" title="Bishop and knight checkmate">Bishop and knight checkmate</a></li>

<li><a href="Opposite-colored_bishops_endgame" title="Opposite-colored bishops endgame">Opposite-coloured bishops</a></li>

<li><a href="Pawnless_chess_endgame" title="Pawnless chess endgame">Pawnless endgame</a></li>

<li><a href="Queen_and_pawn_versus_queen_endgame" title="Queen and pawn versus queen endgame">Queen and pawn vs. queen</a></li>

<li><a href="Queen_versus_pawn_endgame" title="Queen versus pawn endgame">Queen vs. pawn</a></li>

<li><a href="Queen_versus_rook_endgame" title="Queen versus rook endgame">Queen vs. rook</a></li>

<li><a href="Rook_and_bishop_versus_rook_endgame" title="Rook and bishop versus rook endgame">Rook and bishop vs. rook</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Lucena_position" title="Lucena position">Lucena position</a></li>

<li><a href="Philidor_position" title="Philidor position">Philidor position</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Strategy

<ul><li><a href="Fortress_(chess)" title="Fortress (chess)">fortress</a></li>

<li><a href="Opposition_(chess)" title="Opposition (chess)">opposition</a></li>

<li><a href="Tarrasch_rule" title="Tarrasch rule">Tarrasch rule</a></li>

<li><a href="Triangulation_(chess)" title="Triangulation (chess)">triangulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Zugzwang" title="Zugzwang">Zugzwang</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Endgame_study" title="Endgame study">Study</a></li>

<li><a href="Endgame_tablebase" title="Endgame tablebase">Tablebase</a></li>

<li><a href="Two_knights_endgame" title="Two knights endgame">Two knights endgame</a></li>

<li><a href="Wrong_bishop" title="Wrong bishop">Wrong bishop</a></li>

<li><a href="Wrong_rook_pawn" title="Wrong rook pawn">Wrong rook pawn</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Chess_tournament" title="Chess tournament">Tournaments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_strong_chess_tournaments" title="List of strong chess tournaments">List of strong chess tournaments</a></li>

<li><a href="Chess_Olympiad" title="Chess Olympiad">Chess Olympiad</a>

<ul><li><a href="Women's_Chess_Olympiad" title="Women's Chess Olympiad">Women</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="World_Chess_Championship" title="World Chess Championship">World Chess Championship</a>

<li><a href="Candidates_Tournament" title="Candidates Tournament">Candidates Tournament</a></li>

<li><a href="Chess_World_Cup" title="Chess World Cup">Chess World Cup</a></li>

<li><a href="FIDE_Grand_Prix" title="FIDE Grand Prix">FIDE Grand Prix</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Other world championships

<ul><li><a href="Women's_World_Chess_Championship" title="Women's World Chess Championship">Women</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Rapid_Chess_Championship" title="World Rapid Chess Championship">Rapid</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Blitz_Chess_Championship" title="World Blitz Chess Championship">Blitz</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Junior_Chess_Championship" title="World Junior Chess Championship">Junior</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Youth_Chess_Championship" title="World Youth Chess Championship">Youth</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Senior_Chess_Championship" title="World Senior Chess Championship">Senior</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Amateur_Chess_Championship" title="World Amateur Chess Championship">Amateur</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Championship_of_Chess_Composition" title="World Championship of Chess Composition">Chess composition</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Chess_Solving_Championship" title="World Chess Solving Championship">Solving</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Computer chess championships

<li><a href="North_American_Computer_Chess_Championship" title="North American Computer Chess Championship">North American</a></li>

<li><a href="World_Computer_Speed_Chess_Championship" title="World Computer Speed Chess Championship">WCSCC</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Art and media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ca%C3%AFssa" title="Caïssa">Caïssa</a></li>

<li><a href="Chess_aesthetics" title="Chess aesthetics">Chess aesthetics</a></li>

<li><a href="Chess_in_the_arts" title="Chess in the arts">Chess in the arts</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chess_in_early_literature" title="Chess in early literature">early literature</a></li>

<li>novels</li>

<li>paintings</li>

<li>poetry</li>

<li>short stories</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_chess_books" title="List of chess books">Chess books</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chess_opening_book" title="Chess opening book">opening books</a></li>

<li><a href="Chess_endgame_literature" title="Chess endgame literature">endgame literature</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Oxford_Companion_to_Chess" title="The Oxford Companion to Chess"><i>Oxford Companion</i></a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Chess_libraries" title="Chess libraries">Chess libraries</a></li>

<li><a href="Chess_columns_in_newspapers" title="Chess columns in newspapers">Chess newspaper columns</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_chess_periodicals" title="List of chess periodicals">Chess periodicals</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arbiter_(chess)" title="Arbiter (chess)">Arbiter</a></li>

<li><a href="Chess_boxing" title="Chess boxing">Chess boxing</a></li>

<li><a href="Chess_club" title="Chess club">Chess club</a></li>

<li><a href="Chess_composer" title="Chess composer">Chess composer</a></li>

<li><a href="Chess_engine" title="Chess engine">Chess engine</a>

<ul><li><a href="AlphaZero" title="AlphaZero">AlphaZero</a></li>

<li><a href="Leela_Chess_Zero" title="Leela Chess Zero">Leela Chess Zero</a></li>

<li><a href="Mittens_(chess)" title="Mittens (chess)">Mittens</a></li>

<li><a href="Stockfish_(chess)" title="Stockfish (chess)">Stockfish</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Chess_problem" title="Chess problem">Chess problem</a>

<ul><li><a href="Glossary_of_chess_problems" title="Glossary of chess problems">glossary</a></li>

<li><a href="Joke_chess_problem" title="Joke chess problem">joke chess</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Chess_prodigy" title="Chess prodigy">Chess prodigy</a></li>

<li><a href="Elo_rating_system" title="Elo rating system">Elo rating system</a></li>

<li><a href="Mechanical_Turk" title="Mechanical Turk">Mechanical Turk</a></li>

<li><a href="Simultaneous_exhibition" title="Simultaneous exhibition">Simultaneous exhibition</a></li>

<li><a href="Tie-breaking_in_Swiss-system_tournaments" title="Tie-breaking in Swiss-system tournaments">Tie-breaking in Swiss-system tournaments</a></li>

<li><a href="Solving_chess" title="Solving chess">Solving chess</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> </span><a href="Portal%3AChess" title="Portal:Chess">Chess portal</a></li>

<li>Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-14" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Chess_notation&oldid=1300541243">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

</div>

</div></div>

</div>

</main>

</div>

</body></html>